HIF-1 signaling pathway；NF-kappa B signaling pathway；Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum；Pathways in cancer；Small cell lung cancer；Prostate cancer；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Apoptosis；Focal adhesion； Neurotrophin signaling pathway；Cholinergic synapse；Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)；Colorectal cancer；Hepatitis B；Epstein-Barr virus infection； Toxoplasmosis；Tuberculosis

Furthermore, MEG3 could up-regulated Bcl-2 via its competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) activity on miR-181a.

Long non-coding RNA MEG3 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate gastric cancer progression

HIF-1 signaling pathway；NF-kappa B signaling pathway；Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum；Pathways in cancer；Small cell lung cancer；Prostate cancer；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Apoptosis；Focal adhesion； Neurotrophin signaling pathway；Cholinergic synapse；Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)；Colorectal cancer；Hepatitis B；Epstein-Barr virus infection； Toxoplasmosis；Tuberculosis

UCA1 overexpression and miR-27b inhibition increased the IC50 of ADR, DDP, and 5-FU in SGC-7901 cells and reduced ADR induced cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed that UCA1 knockdown and miR-27b overexpression also decreased anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 and increased apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3.

Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) Urothelial Carcinoma Associated 1 (UCA1) Increases Multi-Drug Resistance of Gastric Cancer via Downregulating miR-27b

Moreover, PVT1 might inhibit the expression of miR-152 and increased the expression of CD151 and FGF2 through regulating miR-152. PVT1 was positively associated with CD151 and FGF2 expression in GC tissues.

Long Noncoding RNA PVT1 Acts as a "Sponge" to Inhibit microRNA-152 in Gastric Cancer Cells

ErbB signaling pathway； HIF-1 signaling pathway；Cell cycle； Melanoma；p53 signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Viral carcinogenesis；Hepatitis C；Hepatitis B；HTLV-I infection；Epstein-Barr virus infection；Chronic myeloid leukemia；Pathways in cancer；Proteoglycans in cancer；Transcriptional misregulation in cancer；Prostate cancer；Bladder cancer；Glioma

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

HIF-1 signaling pathway；NF-kappa B signaling pathway；Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum；Pathways in cancer；Small cell lung cancer；Prostate cancer；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Apoptosis；Focal adhesion； Neurotrophin signaling pathway；Cholinergic synapse；Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)；Colorectal cancer；Hepatitis B；Epstein-Barr virus infection； Toxoplasmosis；Tuberculosis

The results of qRT-PCR and western-blot proved that the expression of microRNA-144 was significantly boosted and the expression level of c-Met mRNA and protein was inhibited after lncRNA-TUG1 was silenced

Inhibition of long non-coding RNA TUG1 on gastric cancer cell transference and invasion through regulating and controlling the expression of miR-144/c-Met axis

Wnt signaling pathway；Cell cycle；p53 signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Hippo signaling pathway； Focal adhesion；Jak-STAT signaling pathway；Measles；HTLV-I infection；Transcriptional misregulation in cancer；Viral carcinogenesis

Acting as a miR-206 sponge, RMRP modulated cell cycle by regulating Cyclin D2 expression.

LncRNA-RMRP promotes carcinogenesis by acting as a miR-206 sponge and is used as a novel biomarker for gastric cancer

Small cell lung cancer； HTLV-I infection；Cell cycle；Hepatitis B；Pathways in cancer；Pancreatic cancer；Glioma；Prostate cancer；Melanoma； Bladder cancer；Chronic myeloid leukemia；Non-small cell lung cancer

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

Furthermore, an inverse relationship between lncRNA XIST and miR-101 was found. Polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a direct target of miR-101, could mediated the biological effects that lncRNA XIST exerted.

Long non-coding RNA XIST regulates gastric cancer progression by acting as a molecular sponge of miR-101 to modulate EZH2 expression

HOXA11-AS also functioned as a molecular sponge for miR-1297, antagonizing its ability to repress EZH2 protein translation.

LncRNA HOXA11-AS Promotes Proliferation and Invasion of Gastric Cancer by Scaffolding the Chromatin Modification Factors PRC2, LSD1, and DNMT1

MAPK signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Regulation of actin cytoskeleton；Pathways in cancer；Proteoglycans in cancer；Melanoma

Moreover, PVT1 might inhibit the expression of miR-152 and increased the expression of CD151 and FGF2 through regulating miR-152. PVT1 was positively associated with CD151 and FGF2 expression in GC tissues.

Long Noncoding RNA PVT1 Acts as a "Sponge" to Inhibit microRNA-152 in Gastric Cancer Cells

Hedgehog signaling pathway；Hippo signaling pathway；Pathways in cancer；Basal cell carcinoma

Moreover, we revealed that MALAT1 was a direct target of miR-202 and knockdown of MALAT1 significantly decreased the expression of Gli2 through negatively regulating miR-202.

Long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 regulates the expression of Gli2 by miR-202 to strengthen gastric cancer progression

Pathways in cancer；ErbB signaling pathway；Calcium signaling pathway；HIF-1 signaling pathway；Focal adhesion；Adherens junction；Proteoglycans in cancer；Non-small cell lung cancer；Pancreatic cancer；Endometrial cancer；Prostate cancer；Bladder cancer

In particular, HOTAIR may act as a ceRNA, effectively becoming a sink for miR-331-3p, thereby modulating the derepression of HER2 and imposing an additional level of post-transcriptional regulation.

Lnc RNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by sponging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer

HIF-1 signaling pathway；mTOR signaling pathway；Pathways in cancer；Proteoglycans in cancer；Renal cell carcinoma

In addition, PVT1 could directly interact with miR-186 in GC cells and this interaction lead to the inhibition of downstream of HIF-1α expression.

The long noncoding RNA PVT1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA by sponging miR-186 in gastric cancer

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

Spliceosome

Post-transcriptional CCAT1 silencing by miR-490 significantly suppressed GC cell migration. Furthermore, miR-490 directly bound to the hnRNPA1 mRNA 3'-UTR to repress its translation.

The long noncoding RNA colon cancer-associated transcript-1/miR-490 axis regulates gastric cancer cell migration by targeting hnRNPA1

Mechanistically, BC032469 could directly bind to miR-1207-5p and effectively functioned as a sponge for miR-1207-5p to modulate the derepression of hTERT.

Long noncoding RNA BC032469, a novel competing endogenous RNA, upregulates hTERT expression by sponging miR-1207-5p and promotes proliferation in gastric cancer

Adherens junction；HIF-1 signaling pathway；Oocyte meiosis；Endocytosis；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Focal adhesion；Prostate cancer；Long-term depression；Ovarian steroidogenesis；Proteoglycans in cancer；Glioma；Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation；Pathways in cancer；Melanoma；Transcriptional misregulation in cancer

Furthermore, the miR-122-IGF-1R signaling correlated with the dysregulated MALAT1 expression in gastric cancer.

The lncRNA MALAT1 is a novel biomarker for gastric cancer metastasis

African trypanosomiasis；Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction；Jak-STAT signaling pathway；T cell receptor signaling pathway；Tuberculosis；Epstein-Barr virus infection；Intestinal immune network for IgA production；Pertussis；Asthma；Allograft rejection；Leishmaniasis；Systemic lupus erythematosus；Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)；Malaria；Toxoplasmosis；Staphylococcus aureus infection； Autoimmune thyroid disease；Amoebiasis

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

Furthermore, KLF4 expression was significantly downregulated in GC specimens, and a negative correlation between miR-32 and KLF4 expression and a positive correlation between KLF4 and SNHG5 expression levels were detected.

The lncRNA SNHG5/miR-32 axis regulates gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration by targeting KLF4

LncRNA XIST also contributed to GC cell invasion both in vitro and in vivo. We revealed that XIST functioned as competing endogenous RNA to repress miR-497, which controlled its down-stream target MACC1.

Long non-coding RNA XIST promotes cell growth and invasion through regulating miR-497/MACC1 axis in gastric cancer

Mineral absorption

Furthermore, our data indicated the positive regulation of GAS5 on the miR-23a target, MT2A, wherein GAS5 suppressed the negative regulation of miR-23a on MT2A by binding its 3'UTR.

Long non-coding RNA GAS5 acts as a molecular sponge to regulate miR-23a in gastric cancer

Vibrio cholerae infection；Amoebiasis

LncRNA AF147447 could repress MUC2 expression by direct binding or increasing miR-34c expression

Helicobacter pylori infection related long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) AF147447 inhibits gastric cancer proliferation and invasion by targeting MUC2 and up-regulating miR-34c

ErbB signaling pathway；Axon guidance；Focal adhesion；T cell receptor signaling pathway；Regulation of actin cytoskeleton；Renal cell carcinoma

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

B cell receptor signaling pathway；HIF-1 signaling pathway；ErbB signaling pathway；Chemokine signaling pathway；Melanoma；Pancreatic cancer；Jak-STAT signaling pathway；Chronic myeloid leukemia；Estrogen signaling pathway；Carbohydrate digestion and absorption；Leukocyte transendothelial migration；Phosphatidylinositol signaling system；Hepatitis C；Pathways in cancer；T cell receptor signaling pathway； Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation；Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)；Epstein-Barr virus infection；Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells；mTOR signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Apoptosis；Regulation of actin cytoskeleton；Non-small cell lung cancer；Insulin signaling pathway；Influenza A；Cholinergic synapse；Endometrial cancer；Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption； Prostate cancer；Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity；Colorectal cancer；Amoebiasis；Viral carcinogenesis； Measles；VEGF signaling pathway；Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis；HTLV-I infection；Small cell lung cancer；Toxoplasmosis；Neurotrophin signaling pathway；Hepatitis B；Glioma；Type II diabetes mellitus；Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway；Renal cell carcinoma；Osteoclast differentiation；Focal adhesion；Acute myeloid leukemia；Proteoglycans in cancer；Toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Furthermore, HOTAIR was shown to directly bind to and inhibit miR-126 expression and then to promote VEGFA and PIK3R2 expression and activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 pathway.

LncRNA HOTAIR promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by targeting miR-126 to activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 genes

Chemokine signaling pathway；ErbB signaling pathway；Endometrial cancer； Renal cell carcinoma；HIF-1 signaling pathway；Phosphatidylinositol signaling system；mTOR signaling pathway；Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption；Pancreatic cancer； Colorectal cancer；Insulin signaling pathway；Pathways in cancer；Small cell lung cancer；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Apoptosis；Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells；VEGF signaling pathway；Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation；Prostate cancer；Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway；Epstein-Barr virus infection；Osteoclast differentiation；Focal adhesion；Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis；Regulation of actin cytoskeleton；Viral carcinogenesis；Glioma；HTLV-I infection；Leukocyte transendothelial migration；

Furthermore, HOTAIR was shown to directly bind to and inhibit miR-126 expression and then to promote VEGFA and PIK3R2 expression and activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 pathway.

LncRNA HOTAIR promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by targeting miR-126 to activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 genes

p53 signaling pathway；Inositol phosphate metabolism；Prostate cancer；Phosphatidylinositol signaling system；mTOR signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Focal adhesion；Tight junction；Hepatitis B；Pathways in cancer；Melanoma；Endometrial cancer；Glioma；Small cell lung cancer

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

p53 signaling pathway；Inositol phosphate metabolism；Prostate cancer；Phosphatidylinositol signaling system；mTOR signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Focal adhesion；Tight junction；Hepatitis B；Pathways in cancer；Melanoma；Endometrial cancer；Glioma；Small cell lung cancer

In order to identify and characterize the PTENP1~miRNA~PTEN ceRNA network in GC, we first determined PTENP1 levels in clinical GC samples and found that PTENP1 and PTEN were concurrently downregulated in these samples. We further demonstrated that PTENP1 could act as a ceRNA to sponge miR-106b and miR-93 from targeting PTEN for downregulation using a novel ceRNA in vitro gradient assay.

Long non-coding RNA PTENP1 functions as a ceRNA to modulate PTEN level by decoying miR-106b and miR-93 in gastric cancer

p53 signaling pathway；Inositol phosphate metabolism；Prostate cancer；Phosphatidylinositol signaling system；mTOR signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；Focal adhesion；Tight junction；Hepatitis B；Pathways in cancer；Melanoma；Endometrial cancer；Glioma；Small cell lung cancer

In order to identify and characterize the PTENP1~miRNA~PTEN ceRNA network in GC, we first determined PTENP1 levels in clinical GC samples and found that PTENP1 and PTEN were concurrently downregulated in these samples. We further demonstrated that PTENP1 could act as a ceRNA to sponge miR-106b and miR-93 from targeting PTEN for downregulation using a novel ceRNA in vitro gradient assay.

Long non-coding RNA PTENP1 functions as a ceRNA to modulate PTEN level by decoying miR-106b and miR-93 in gastric cancer

Cell cycle；Hepatitis B；Small cell lung cancer；Chronic myeloid leukemia；HTLV-I infection；Epstein-Barr virus infection；Non-small cell lung cancer；Pathways in cancer；Viral carcinogenesis；Pancreatic cancer；Glioma；Prostate cancer；Melanoma；Bladder cancer

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

Pathways in cancer；Transcriptional misregulation in cancer；Chronic myeloid leukemia；Acute myeloid leukemia

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

Pathways in cancer；Transcriptional misregulation in cancer；Chronic myeloid leukemia；Acute myeloid leukemia

To our knowledge, this is the time to demonstrate that RUNX1 serves as a link between H19/miR-675 axis and Akt/mTOR signaling and is a pivotal mediator in gastric cancer progression induced by H19/miR-675.

Long Noncoding RNA H19-Derived miR-675 Enhances Proliferation and Invasion via RUNX1 in Gastric Cancer Cells

Hippo signaling pathway；MAPK signaling pathway；Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction；Cell cycle；Endocytosis；Renal cell carcinoma；Dilated cardiomyopathy； Colorectal cancer；Rheumatoid arthritis；TGF-beta signaling pathway；Tuberculosis；Proteoglycans in cancer；Osteoclast differentiation；Amoebiasis；Chronic myeloid leukemia；Leishmaniasis；Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)；Malaria；HTLV-I infection；Pancreatic cancer；Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)；Hepatitis B；Pathways in cancer；Toxoplasmosis

Moreover, TGF-β actives lnc-ATB and TGF-β2 directly binds mir-141-3p

Lnc-ATB contributes to gastric cancer growth through a MiR-141-3p/TGFβ2 feedback loop

Renal cell carcinoma；Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction；Rheumatoid arthritis；HIF-1 signaling pathway；mTOR signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；VEGF signaling pathway；Focal adhesion；Pathways in cancer；Proteoglycans in cancer；Pancreatic cancer；Bladder cancer

For instance, through its miRNA response elements (MREs) to compete for miR-106a-5p, lncRNA-FER1L4 regulates the expression of PTEN, RB1, RUNX1, VEGFA, CDKN1A, E2F1, HIPK3, IL-10, and PAK7.

Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer PTENP1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to Regulate PTEN Expression by Sponging miR-499-5p.

HIF-1 signaling pathway；Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction；mTOR signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway； VEGF signaling pathway；Focal adhesion； Pathways in cancer；Proteoglycans in cancer；Renal cell carcinoma；Pancreatic cancer；Bladder cancer；Rheumatoid arthritis

Furthermore, HOTAIR was shown to directly bind to and inhibit miR-126 expression and then to promote VEGFA and PIK3R2 expression and activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 pathway.

LncRNA HOTAIR promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by targeting miR-126 to activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 genes

mTOR signaling pathway；Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction；HIF-1 signaling pathway；PI3K-Akt signaling pathway；VEGF signaling pathway；Focal adhesion；Pathways in cancer；Proteoglycans in cancer；Renal cell carcinoma；Rheumatoid arthritis；Pancreatic cancer；Bladder cancer

Furthermore, HOTAIR was shown to directly bind to and inhibit miR-126 expression and then to promote VEGFA and PIK3R2 expression and activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 pathway.

LncRNA HOTAIR promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by targeting miR-126 to activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 genes

Transcriptional misregulation in cancer

MiR-141 could also regulate H19 target genes and miR-141 inhibitor restores H19 siRNA function, while H19 regulates miR-141 target gene ZEB1.

The Interaction Between MiR-141 and lncRNA-H19 in Regulating Cell Proliferation and Migration in Gastric Cancer